I. Preliminary
The birth of the SAR organization in Indonesia which is currently named Basarnas begins with the mention of Black Area, for a country that does not have a SAR organization.
Armed with independence, then in 1950 Indonesia joined the international aviation organization ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization). Since then Indonesia is expected to handle aviation and shipping disasters that occurred in Indonesia.
As a logical consequence of the inclusion of Indonesia became a member of ICAO, the government issued the Government Regulation No. 5 of 1955 concerning the Stipulation of the Board of Aviation to form a committee SAR. Technical committee has a fundamental duty to form the Joint SAR Agency, to determine the regional centers as well as financing and material budgets.
As an independent country, in 1959 Indonesia became a member of the International Maritime Organization (IMO). With the inclusion of Indonesia as a member of ICAO and IMO, the duties and responsibilities of the SAR under increasing attention.As a big country and with a spirit of mutual cooperation is high, people want to realize the hope of the world Indonesia is capable of handling international flights and shipping disasters.
From the above experiences, it is the thought that the need to hold a national organization that coordinates all SAR activities SAR under a single command. In anticipation of these SAR duties, then in 1968 established the Minister of Communications Decree No. T.20/I/2-4 regarding the adoption of Jakarta Local Search and Rescue team formation submitted to the Directorate of Civil Aviation. The team is what eventually became the embryo of the National SAR organization in Indonesia which was formed later.
In 1968 also, there is South East Asia Project Coordinating Committee on Transport and Communications, of which Indonesia is an umbrella project (Umbrella Project) for countries in Southeast Asia. The project was handled by the U.S. Coast Guard (American Rescue Agency), to obtain the data necessary to plan the development and improvement of SAR organizations in Indonesia
In the survey activities, the team assisted the U.S. Coast Guard officials – civilian and military officials from Indonesia, a team from Indonesia made a conclusion that:
Government agencies both civilian and military already has elements that can assist the SAR, but we need a container to collect these elements in a SAR system is good. Agencies are also potentially already have devices and communication networks adequate for SAR activities, but required the utilization of the network settings.
SAR personnel from potentially agencies generally do not have the ability and skills specific SAR, so that the necessary coaching and training.
Agency-owned equipment potentially SAR is not for the purposes of the SAR, although it can be used in emergencies, but the necessary standardization of equipment.
The survey results finally poured on the Preliminary Recommendation contains suggestions that need to be taken by the government of Indonesia to achieve a SAR organization in Indonesia.
Based on these survey results established the Presidential Decree No. 11 of 1972 dated February 28, 1972 concerning the establishment of the SAR Indonesia (Basari).
The Basari organizational structure consists of:
· Elements of Leadership
· Center for National SAR (Pusarnas)
· Rescue Coordination Centres (PKR)
· Rescue Coordination Sub-sub (SKR)
· The elements of the SAR
Pusarnas Basari unit which is responsible for implementing operational SAR activities in Indonesia. Although with limited personnel and equipment, disaster management activities aviation and shipping have been carried out with satisfactory results, including Boeing 727-PANAM 1974 in Bali and Sulawesi Twinotter aircraft operations, known as Tinombala operation.
Pusarnas slowly evolving under the leadership of (late) Marsma S. Dono Indarto. In order to develop this in 1975 officially became a member Nasar Pusarnas (National Association of SAR) based in the United States, so Pusarnas officially been involved in SAR activities internationally. The following year Pusarnas participate in working groups that conduct research on the use of satellites for humanitarian purposes (Working Group On satelitte Aided SAR) of the International Aeronautical Federation.
Along with the development of these Pusarnas, pioneered cooperation with neighboring countries namely Singapore, Malaysia, and Australia.
To further streamline the activities of the SAR, then in 1978 the Minister of Transport as the attorney Basari Chairman issued Decree No. 5/K.104/Pb-78 regarding the appointment of Chief Pusarnas as Chairman Basari on SAR operations in the field. As for the handling of the SAR in the instructions issued by the Minister of Communications IM 4/KP/Phb-78 to form the SAR Task Force on the TRC (Rescue Coordination Office).
For efficient implementation of the SAR task in Indonesia, in 1979 through Presidential Decree No. 47 of 1979, which was originally under Pusarnas Basari, incorporated into the organizational structure of Ministry of Transportation and its name was changed to the National SAR Agency (Basarnas).
II. Purpose and Objectives
The nature of Search And Rescue (SAR) is a humanitarian activities animated by the philosophy of Pancasila and an obligation of every citizen. These activities include all the search efforts, providing aid and rescue of human lives and property of value from the various calamities both in the protection, care, natural disasters, or other disaster.
As one component of the community who have a sense of humanity, then the SAR is a manifestation of a sense of responsibility to the safety of others. Therefore, the SAR is given to the material itself will equip members of the science and engineering as well as existing organizational SAR, also provides insight and skills to deliver relief supplies SAR mountain forests.
As one consequence of the activities that they do, where the risk will always exist, then the SAR is a matter that can not be separated. Optimum provision gives a purpose and usefulness of this education.
III. SAR Systems Approach
The whole system approach is used to overcome the problem of SAR. The presence of the SAR image as a whole, namely:
a. Immediately be quickly understood by someone who still lay in the field of SAR.
b. Logically can be implemented by the operating forces are required during a SAR mission.
IV. SAR system
SAR system consists of five stages and is supported by the five components of the SAR. SAR system is activated when the received information that:
a. An emergency arise or are likely to onset of an emergency.
b. No reactivation if the victim is in a state of emergency exempted the position really well maintained and safe, or when no longer appears possible emergencies and when no longer expected to help.
V. Stages SAR
In the operation of the SAR operations have 5 stages, namely:
1. Awareness Stage (Stage Concerns)
Is concern that a state of emergency is expected to appear, including the receipt of information from a person or organization.In this stage aware that an emergency event has occurred and the need to take an action.
2. Initial Action Stage (Stage Preparedness)
Is the initial stage of action, to respond that a disaster has occurred and tried to gather various information about the disaster. Preparatory actions were taken, among others alerting SAR facilities and obtain more detailed information, including selecting the information received, to be done immediately analyzed for further action. In selecting the information, emergencies can be classified as follows:
a. Incerfa (Uncertainity Phase / Phase doubt):
Is an emergency, as indicated by the presence of doubts about the safety of one’s soul because they are known possibility in the face of adversity.
b. Alerfa (Alert Phase / Phase Worryingly / Standby):
Is an emergency, as indicated by the presence of concerns about the safety of one’s soul because of the clear information that they face serious difficulties that lead to suffering (distress).
c. Ditresfa (Ditress Phase / Phase Hazards Emergency):
Is a state of emergency is demonstrated when rapid relief is needed by someone who is stricken by a serious threat because of a danger or emergency. Means, in a disaster rescue operation information received can be shown the level of emergency, and can be directly on the level Ditresfa.
3. Planning Stage (Planning Phase)
Is an effective planning development of the SAR system. In it can be:
· Planning the search where the duly executed
· Planning assistance and the final liberation
Can be added also include the most likely position of the victim, the area under the SAR, the type of search pattern, the optimum search planning, search planning that has been achieved, choosing the best rescue method, choosing the safest point of liberation for the victims, choose good health facilities for victims who suffered injury or suffering.
4. Operation Stage (Operational Phase)
Detection Mode / Tracking Mode And Evacuation Mode, which conducted the search and rescue operations and rescue victims physically. The operations phase include:
SAR facilities moved to the scene.
Do a search and detect signs that met the estimated abandonment survivors (Detection Mode).
Following in the footsteps or signs left by survivors (Tracking Mode).
Help / rescue and evacuate (Evacuation Mode), in this case provide emergency care to the victims who need it and carry the injured to a satisfactory treatment (evacuation).
Hold a briefing to the SRU.
Send / despatch SAR facilities.
Carry out rescue operation at the scene.
Perform replacement / scheduling SRU at the scene.
5. Mission Conclusion Stage (Stage End of Mission)
Is the final stage of SAR operations, SAR activities include making a report as a whole, the recall of SRU from the field to the post, penyiagaan re-rescue team to face the next disaster that may occur from time to time, evaluate the results of activities, held a news (Press Release) and submit the victim / survivor to the right and returns the SRU on their respective parent institutions and in community groups.
VI. SAR Components
1. Organization
SAR is an organizational structure, covering aspects of the deployment of elements of coordination, command and control, authority, scope of assertion and responsibility for handling a disaster.
2. Facilities
Is a component of the elements, equipment, supplies, and other supporting facilities that can be used in SAR operations.
3. Communication
Is a component organization of communication as a means to perform catastrophe detection function, the function of command and control operations, fostering cooperation / coordination during the rescue operation took place.
4. Emergency Care (Emergency Care)
Are the components of the provision of emergency care facilities are temporary, including providing support to victims in the disaster down to a more appropriate place.
5. Documentation
Is a data collection component of the activity reports, analysis and data capabilities that will support the efficient execution of search and rescue operation as well as for improvement or development activities SAR missions to come.
VII. SAR organizations in Indonesia
1. Basarnas
Has the task of coordinating efforts and carry out search activities, provision of relief and rescue in accordance with national and international regulations against persons or goods are missing or feared missing or in danger in the event.
2. Office of the SAR
Office of the SAR is the UPT Basarnas in areas that have a duty to act early, coordination, and mobilization potential of SAR in the context of disaster and rescue operation on shipping, aviation, and other disasters, as well as the execution of search and rescue exercises in the area of responsibility (Minister of Transportation Decree No. 81 of 1998 on Administration of the Office of the SAR organization, formerly known by the term we are KKR and SKR and now turned into the Office of the SAR (Type A and B).
a. Office of type A
SAR’s Office has the task of mobilizing the potential of SAR, the coordination of SAR operations within the framework of the accident voyage, aviation, and other disasters, as well as the execution of search and rescue exercises in the area of responsibility
b. Office of the Type B
Has a Duty Office is Conducting SAR coordination and mobilization of action potentials in the framework of SAR SAR operations against catastrophe in the region.
1. Organization
SAR is an organizational structure, covering aspects of the deployment of elements of coordination, command and control, authority, scope of assertion and responsibility for handling a disaster.
2. Facilities
Is a component of the elements, equipment, supplies, and other supporting facilities that can be used in SAR operations.
3. Communication
Is a component organization of communication as a means to perform catastrophe detection function, the function of command and control operations, fostering cooperation / coordination during the rescue operation took place.
4. Emergency Care (Emergency Care)
Are the components of the provision of emergency care facilities are temporary, including providing support to victims in the disaster down to a more appropriate place.
5. Documentation
Is a data collection component of the activity reports, analysis and data capabilities that will support the efficient execution of search and rescue operation as well as for improvement or development activities SAR missions to come.
VII. SAR organizations in Indonesia
1. Basarnas
Has the task of coordinating efforts and carry out search activities, provision of relief and rescue in accordance with national and international regulations against persons or goods are missing or feared missing or in danger in the event.
2. Office of the SAR
Office of the SAR is the UPT Basarnas in areas that have a duty to act early, coordination, and mobilization potential of SAR in the context of disaster and rescue operation on shipping, aviation, and other disasters, as well as the execution of search and rescue exercises in the area of responsibility (Minister of Transportation Decree No. 81 of 1998 on Administration of the Office of the SAR organization, formerly known by the term we are KKR and SKR and now turned into the Office of the SAR (Type A and B).
a. Office of type A
SAR’s Office has the task of mobilizing the potential of SAR, the coordination of SAR operations within the framework of the accident voyage, aviation, and other disasters, as well as the execution of search and rescue exercises in the area of responsibility
b. Office of the Type B
Has a Duty Office is Conducting SAR coordination and mobilization of action potentials in the framework of SAR SAR operations against catastrophe in the region.
VIII. Organization Mission SAR
Elements of the SAR organization demonstrates a form of mission organization formed to carry out a rescue operation.Form the basis of the SAR mission organization structure is as follows:
Elements of the SAR organization demonstrates a form of mission organization formed to carry out a rescue operation.Form the basis of the SAR mission organization structure is as follows:
Minimum General
SC
SC
SC
Expanded
1. SC (SAR Coordinator)
Government officials who have authority in the provision of facilities.
2. SMC (SAR Mission Coordinator)
Someone who has the knowledge and high skills in determining the MPP (Most Probable Position), determine the search area, search strategies (how many units, engineering, and facilities).
3. OSC (On Scene Commander)
A person appointed by the SMC to coordinate and control the SRU in the field. OSC is not absolute, but can also be more than one, depending on the area of communication and difficulty reaching.
4. SRU (SAR Unit)
SAR elements are driven in the ground in search and rescue operation following the phasing and organizing the operation, SRU may be from the institution, the potential of SAR, the people who want to participate in SAR operations.
a. Main tasks SRU (Seacrh and Rescue Unit):
1. Carry out tasks assigned by the SMC or OSC.
SRU must adhere to the task given by the SMC or OSC. If circumstances require a change, then it can only be done after consultation and approved by the SMC or OSC. Deviations or against the authority of the SMC or OSC totally unjustified and SMC or OSC must retract SRU undisciplined.
2. Carry out search procedures correctly
Various guide implementation of the tasks must be done carefully with the vigilance and good accuracy.
3. Report all activities on a regular basis to the SMC or OSC at a set time while consultations on a variety of purposes and interests in order to smooth the search operation.
4. Installing signs (markers) in the search area to help smooth and precise effort into the search system. Can be:
Ø signs Signs:
- String line (following tags / signs)
- Ribbon (ribbon or raffia ties)
Ø signs a written
v Instructions altitude somewhere
SAR
1000 m
Government officials who have authority in the provision of facilities.
2. SMC (SAR Mission Coordinator)
Someone who has the knowledge and high skills in determining the MPP (Most Probable Position), determine the search area, search strategies (how many units, engineering, and facilities).
3. OSC (On Scene Commander)
A person appointed by the SMC to coordinate and control the SRU in the field. OSC is not absolute, but can also be more than one, depending on the area of communication and difficulty reaching.
4. SRU (SAR Unit)
SAR elements are driven in the ground in search and rescue operation following the phasing and organizing the operation, SRU may be from the institution, the potential of SAR, the people who want to participate in SAR operations.
a. Main tasks SRU (Seacrh and Rescue Unit):
1. Carry out tasks assigned by the SMC or OSC.
SRU must adhere to the task given by the SMC or OSC. If circumstances require a change, then it can only be done after consultation and approved by the SMC or OSC. Deviations or against the authority of the SMC or OSC totally unjustified and SMC or OSC must retract SRU undisciplined.
2. Carry out search procedures correctly
Various guide implementation of the tasks must be done carefully with the vigilance and good accuracy.
3. Report all activities on a regular basis to the SMC or OSC at a set time while consultations on a variety of purposes and interests in order to smooth the search operation.
4. Installing signs (markers) in the search area to help smooth and precise effort into the search system. Can be:
Ø signs Signs:
- String line (following tags / signs)
- Ribbon (ribbon or raffia ties)
Ø signs a written
v Instructions altitude somewhere
SAR
1000 m
SAR
1500 m
1500 m
v directions to a place
v Notes or CPL Airport Guide which contains:
- Date, number of teams, number of members
- Specification task
- Specification tasks performed
- Instructions dangerous places (tanag landslides, ravine, etc.)
- Instructions found traces, signs, etc., the estimated / confirmed the victim’s
- Additional information on the CPL by the next team that passes through the presence of CPL. This information can be added if deemed necessary by the SRU to complement the existing information.
5. Provide first aid to victims when necessary. Aid should be provided with knowledge and awareness of high humanity.
6. Carry out the evacuation, both in good health, ill or had died.
7. Can perform radio communication links have been well defined radio according to standard operating procedures by using HT. Also understand the code that has been agreed for emergencies.
8. Make a written employment reports when requested by the SMC or OSC.
b. Mandatory equipment SRU
In addition to standard equipment brought to roam the jungle and mountains, members of the SRU must memebawa some supplies that are categorized as mandatory equipment when going to join in a rescue operation. Equipment in the form:
Individual
Poncho or raincoat
Machete slash
Whistle
Place water
Flashlight and spare bulbs and batteries to taste
Food for 4 days (if plans follow the SAR for 3 days).
Team
Tent
Map, compass, altimeter, rulers arc
Cooking equipment (stove + fuel, nesting)
Rock Climbing Equipment (karmentel, harness, jumar, python, hammer, descender, slings, etc.)
Communication tool (HT, etc.)
Yarn (for string line) number 4 spools @ 500 m
Rafiah strap 500 g
Drugs and equipment P3K
5 lt water jerry cans
Large flashlights / lamps (neon battery, hurricane lamps)
- Date, number of teams, number of members
- Specification task
- Specification tasks performed
- Instructions dangerous places (tanag landslides, ravine, etc.)
- Instructions found traces, signs, etc., the estimated / confirmed the victim’s
- Additional information on the CPL by the next team that passes through the presence of CPL. This information can be added if deemed necessary by the SRU to complement the existing information.
5. Provide first aid to victims when necessary. Aid should be provided with knowledge and awareness of high humanity.
6. Carry out the evacuation, both in good health, ill or had died.
7. Can perform radio communication links have been well defined radio according to standard operating procedures by using HT. Also understand the code that has been agreed for emergencies.
8. Make a written employment reports when requested by the SMC or OSC.
b. Mandatory equipment SRU
In addition to standard equipment brought to roam the jungle and mountains, members of the SRU must memebawa some supplies that are categorized as mandatory equipment when going to join in a rescue operation. Equipment in the form:
Individual
Poncho or raincoat
Machete slash
Whistle
Place water
Flashlight and spare bulbs and batteries to taste
Food for 4 days (if plans follow the SAR for 3 days).
Team
Tent
Map, compass, altimeter, rulers arc
Cooking equipment (stove + fuel, nesting)
Rock Climbing Equipment (karmentel, harness, jumar, python, hammer, descender, slings, etc.)
Communication tool (HT, etc.)
Yarn (for string line) number 4 spools @ 500 m
Rafiah strap 500 g
Drugs and equipment P3K
5 lt water jerry cans
Large flashlights / lamps (neon battery, hurricane lamps)
EXPLORER SEARCH AND RESCUE (ESAR)
I. Preliminary
In the early 1980s several groups began trying to develop a mountain climber Explorer Search And Rescue (ESAR). This system originated in the United States that are intended for the explorers forested areas, dry fields and rivers. In previous years the sea, and air SAR system is still a reference to search missing persons in the mountains. What distinguishes SAR ESAR with their parent as a whole lies in the detailed operations. In ESAR known five stages of the search or surgery.
II. Purpose and Objectives
Helping others to live is one proof of the practice of love of nature. So that as living beings who claimed close to nature, Explorer Search And Rescue is very necessary, especially to help others live. Further narrowed the scope of its operations again in helping the victims in the mountains and forests.
This material aims to provide knowledge about the operational techniques in ESAR sasuai with what is needed. For ESAR requires personnel who are ready and demanding, fast and responsive. ESAR personnel expected to perform his duty well, which is not derived from the word task, but from a moral calling, conscience and a sense of solidarity towards each other.
III. Search Techniques
In the search consists of four elements that can be used as standards in determining the specific skills needed for a rescue operation:
No.
Element
Knowledge
1.
Locate (determine the location of the victim)
Knowledge of land navigation, event data, the state of the victim, circumstances, etc. fields.
2.
Reach (reach victims)
Mountain climbing skills, RC, living in nature, looking for traces, penguasan map and compass, etc..
3.
Stabilize (reassuring the victim)
Knowledge and skills of first aid, emergency gawar.
4.
Evacuate (bring back the victim)
Same with the reach and mastery P3K.
Search technique here is a technique that searches conducted on land. Although not specifically for the land, this technique also distinguishes between the SAR and ESAR. This search technique is based on five stages.
1. Early Stage (Preliminary Mode)
Namely the initial information gathering, when the teams began the search requested assistance until arrival at the site. Doing initial search planning, calculations, coordinate the search parties, controlling heading memebentuk planning, seeking the identity of the subject, operations planning and evacuation.
In the early 1980s several groups began trying to develop a mountain climber Explorer Search And Rescue (ESAR). This system originated in the United States that are intended for the explorers forested areas, dry fields and rivers. In previous years the sea, and air SAR system is still a reference to search missing persons in the mountains. What distinguishes SAR ESAR with their parent as a whole lies in the detailed operations. In ESAR known five stages of the search or surgery.
II. Purpose and Objectives
Helping others to live is one proof of the practice of love of nature. So that as living beings who claimed close to nature, Explorer Search And Rescue is very necessary, especially to help others live. Further narrowed the scope of its operations again in helping the victims in the mountains and forests.
This material aims to provide knowledge about the operational techniques in ESAR sasuai with what is needed. For ESAR requires personnel who are ready and demanding, fast and responsive. ESAR personnel expected to perform his duty well, which is not derived from the word task, but from a moral calling, conscience and a sense of solidarity towards each other.
III. Search Techniques
In the search consists of four elements that can be used as standards in determining the specific skills needed for a rescue operation:
No.
Element
Knowledge
1.
Locate (determine the location of the victim)
Knowledge of land navigation, event data, the state of the victim, circumstances, etc. fields.
2.
Reach (reach victims)
Mountain climbing skills, RC, living in nature, looking for traces, penguasan map and compass, etc..
3.
Stabilize (reassuring the victim)
Knowledge and skills of first aid, emergency gawar.
4.
Evacuate (bring back the victim)
Same with the reach and mastery P3K.
Search technique here is a technique that searches conducted on land. Although not specifically for the land, this technique also distinguishes between the SAR and ESAR. This search technique is based on five stages.
1. Early Stage (Preliminary Mode)
Namely the initial information gathering, when the teams began the search requested assistance until arrival at the site. Doing initial search planning, calculations, coordinate the search parties, controlling heading memebentuk planning, seeking the identity of the subject, operations planning and evacuation.
2. Stage Fencing (Confinement Mode)
Namely to establish the boundary line to confine people who declared missing or feared to be in the search area (search area). For more details will be discussed in a separate section.
3. Introduction Stage (Detection Mode)
Namely the inspections of suspected sites. If deemed necessary, a search conducted by sweep (sweep searches). It could also be an examination of the places found signs or items left by survivors. For more details will be discussed role in a separate section.
4. Phase Tracking (Tracking Mode)
That is to follow and track the trail left by the survivors or the tracking of goods from the survivors scattered. Tracking can actually be done by people who are trained and experienced and have a high ability to track, among others, read the trail, terrain maps compass, understand the intent and purpose of sacrifice, the meaning of the objects fell and accidentally left the victim or by using a dog tracker. From some experience with tracking dogs still can not be done well for Indonesia’s natural condition.This is due to natural factors that are difficult and extreme and rapidly changing.
5. Stage Evacuation (Evacuation Mode)
Namely to provide first aid and bring survivors to the delivery point for further treatment. The three main things to be done if the search found the Survivors in a state of life:
a. Provide first aid when needed. In this case personnel have to really have a first aid skills, because that one will deal with even worse results in the victim could die.
b. Convince the survivors that he will be safe
c. Preach to the base controller about the condition and location of the discovery of survivors.
When the survivor dies in a state:
a. Should not change the position of survivors before there was an order from SMC
b. Keep the survivors from all disturbances that may occur
c. reported to the base to be evacuated
Techniques used in the evacuation:
a. Memapah
b. Guiding
c. Help helicopter
d. Modification of existing techniques
IV. Stage Fencing (Confinement Mode)
The idea is to trap the survivors in the area that is clear and we can know their limits, so that:
· The area can be carried out searches or swept.
· As a guide for survivors to get to where it can be known to the search team.
Initial work of this phase is the possibility of motion of the fence in search of a solid that may be required when the search area becomes too broad.
Method of Confinement:
1. Blocking Trail (raid on the trail)
That puts small teams on their way into the search area to keep the possibility of the victim through the area. Take note of the names out of the search area.
2. Road Bolcks (raid on the way out)
Basically the same as the trail blocks, except that here the community, village officials may be asked to help supervise the possibility of the victim out through their village or by requesting the help of security personnel or other personnel.
3. Look Outs
Held a “reconnaissance” by placing small teams in height to be able to detect and monitor the areas around the lower to detect and monitor if there is a move, make smoke, signs of survivors when they’re around the area. Also using signs is conspicuous to attract the attention of survivors, such as sounds, lights, light, fire, smoke, etc..
4. Camp In
That set up outposts in strategic locations, such as crossing the street or meeting streams. From Camp In this team can move the search to search the surrounding area.
5. Track Traps (trap line)
Ie paths or certain places that are likely to be passed by the victim because of the place naturally and instinctively, will likely be selected or skipped the victim, eg water lines, springs, caves, etc. flat spot. Search team can create artificial traps, eg by menggemburkan soil around the track. Check it out over the area periodically to see traces of the victim.
6. String Lines
That is an artificial barrier in the form of yarn or rope lines drawn are expected to follow a certain path will limit the space for the victim. If the string line was discovered by the victim, he will be guided towards certain places such as walkways, camping in etc. (see picture). In particular will be effective if done in open areas where their points of view either.
When the dense bush and wooded area, can be more perfect by using the Tagged String Lines (marked stretch of rope). Tags (signs) on the string lines will attract the attention of survivors to move to follow the rope and out to the place indicated by the signs. (See picture)
Namely to establish the boundary line to confine people who declared missing or feared to be in the search area (search area). For more details will be discussed in a separate section.
3. Introduction Stage (Detection Mode)
Namely the inspections of suspected sites. If deemed necessary, a search conducted by sweep (sweep searches). It could also be an examination of the places found signs or items left by survivors. For more details will be discussed role in a separate section.
4. Phase Tracking (Tracking Mode)
That is to follow and track the trail left by the survivors or the tracking of goods from the survivors scattered. Tracking can actually be done by people who are trained and experienced and have a high ability to track, among others, read the trail, terrain maps compass, understand the intent and purpose of sacrifice, the meaning of the objects fell and accidentally left the victim or by using a dog tracker. From some experience with tracking dogs still can not be done well for Indonesia’s natural condition.This is due to natural factors that are difficult and extreme and rapidly changing.
5. Stage Evacuation (Evacuation Mode)
Namely to provide first aid and bring survivors to the delivery point for further treatment. The three main things to be done if the search found the Survivors in a state of life:
a. Provide first aid when needed. In this case personnel have to really have a first aid skills, because that one will deal with even worse results in the victim could die.
b. Convince the survivors that he will be safe
c. Preach to the base controller about the condition and location of the discovery of survivors.
When the survivor dies in a state:
a. Should not change the position of survivors before there was an order from SMC
b. Keep the survivors from all disturbances that may occur
c. reported to the base to be evacuated
Techniques used in the evacuation:
a. Memapah
b. Guiding
c. Help helicopter
d. Modification of existing techniques
IV. Stage Fencing (Confinement Mode)
The idea is to trap the survivors in the area that is clear and we can know their limits, so that:
· The area can be carried out searches or swept.
· As a guide for survivors to get to where it can be known to the search team.
Initial work of this phase is the possibility of motion of the fence in search of a solid that may be required when the search area becomes too broad.
Method of Confinement:
1. Blocking Trail (raid on the trail)
That puts small teams on their way into the search area to keep the possibility of the victim through the area. Take note of the names out of the search area.
2. Road Bolcks (raid on the way out)
Basically the same as the trail blocks, except that here the community, village officials may be asked to help supervise the possibility of the victim out through their village or by requesting the help of security personnel or other personnel.
3. Look Outs
Held a “reconnaissance” by placing small teams in height to be able to detect and monitor the areas around the lower to detect and monitor if there is a move, make smoke, signs of survivors when they’re around the area. Also using signs is conspicuous to attract the attention of survivors, such as sounds, lights, light, fire, smoke, etc..
4. Camp In
That set up outposts in strategic locations, such as crossing the street or meeting streams. From Camp In this team can move the search to search the surrounding area.
5. Track Traps (trap line)
Ie paths or certain places that are likely to be passed by the victim because of the place naturally and instinctively, will likely be selected or skipped the victim, eg water lines, springs, caves, etc. flat spot. Search team can create artificial traps, eg by menggemburkan soil around the track. Check it out over the area periodically to see traces of the victim.
6. String Lines
That is an artificial barrier in the form of yarn or rope lines drawn are expected to follow a certain path will limit the space for the victim. If the string line was discovered by the victim, he will be guided towards certain places such as walkways, camping in etc. (see picture). In particular will be effective if done in open areas where their points of view either.
When the dense bush and wooded area, can be more perfect by using the Tagged String Lines (marked stretch of rope). Tags (signs) on the string lines will attract the attention of survivors to move to follow the rope and out to the place indicated by the signs. (See picture)
The purpose of using a string line is to make the spaces or boxes search area into sectors which possessed a search team to search. After the Initial Confinement (initial fencing), an additional string line can be used to divide the area. String line can be used for fencing and to mark the search sector. Further separation remedy aims to narrow the search area is performed by a search team.
V. Introduction Stage (Detection Mode)
Detection is an attempt to find victims or objects that spilled / dropped or accidentally left behind a survivor. In this situation forces or personnel of the team ESAR mainly needed or used.
Detection methods, grouped into three categories. The naming of the three categories below have been used in the ESAR for several years, was taken as this is generally related to the stages of development of the search operation. Type I typically precedes type II, type II, type III appeared before.
1. Type I Search
That is not the official inspection of the area immediately dilakukukan deemed most appropriate. Another naming for this type is the reconnaissance or Hayt Searching / Searching in a hurry.
a. This method is used to:
ü initial search phase
ü Check back area where the alleged survivor is
b. Objectives of this method:
ü an immediate examination of specific areas where survivors presumed to be
ü Obtain information about the search area
Detection is an attempt to find victims or objects that spilled / dropped or accidentally left behind a survivor. In this situation forces or personnel of the team ESAR mainly needed or used.
Detection methods, grouped into three categories. The naming of the three categories below have been used in the ESAR for several years, was taken as this is generally related to the stages of development of the search operation. Type I typically precedes type II, type II, type III appeared before.
1. Type I Search
That is not the official inspection of the area immediately dilakukukan deemed most appropriate. Another naming for this type is the reconnaissance or Hayt Searching / Searching in a hurry.
a. This method is used to:
ü initial search phase
ü Check back area where the alleged survivor is
b. Objectives of this method:
ü an immediate examination of specific areas where survivors presumed to be
ü Obtain information about the search area
c. The technique used
A small team of 3-6 people who are able to move quickly to check the search area. When you find items scattered and when the SMC (SAR Mission Coordinator) requires the goods were taken, then a marker will be installed and placed in the location of the discovery.
2. Type II Search
Criterion is efficiency, rapid and systematic examination over a large area, with sweeping method which will produce high end results of each search per hours worked. Another name of this type are open grids (grid search tenuous / sweeping tenuous).
a. This method is used to:
ü The initial phase of the search operation, especially when the period of time people are estimated to be very short survival
ü If the broad search area and there is no particular area that can be suspected and there is not enough manpower to cover the entire search area.
b. Objectives of this method is precise and fast search in large areas.
c. The technique used
A small team of 3-6 people, which is parallel to a fairly wide range between 10 to 20 meters with a predetermined direction.It’s good that there is a team leader overseeing sweeping move, the task:
ü Paying attention to whether penegang compass can keep the compass point that is parallel
ü Overcoming the things that appear suddenly
ü Checking discoveries found by the team
There is a common way to prevent a search party to overlap each other or can not maintain a predetermined distance between them is by wearing a ribbon or ribbon and use a compass.
In methods I and II, at specified intervals squad stopped to glance around and call a survivor while waiting for possible answers.Examples of search and localized on the method of type II (see figure).
A small team of 3-6 people who are able to move quickly to check the search area. When you find items scattered and when the SMC (SAR Mission Coordinator) requires the goods were taken, then a marker will be installed and placed in the location of the discovery.
2. Type II Search
Criterion is efficiency, rapid and systematic examination over a large area, with sweeping method which will produce high end results of each search per hours worked. Another name of this type are open grids (grid search tenuous / sweeping tenuous).
a. This method is used to:
ü The initial phase of the search operation, especially when the period of time people are estimated to be very short survival
ü If the broad search area and there is no particular area that can be suspected and there is not enough manpower to cover the entire search area.
b. Objectives of this method is precise and fast search in large areas.
c. The technique used
A small team of 3-6 people, which is parallel to a fairly wide range between 10 to 20 meters with a predetermined direction.It’s good that there is a team leader overseeing sweeping move, the task:
ü Paying attention to whether penegang compass can keep the compass point that is parallel
ü Overcoming the things that appear suddenly
ü Checking discoveries found by the team
There is a common way to prevent a search party to overlap each other or can not maintain a predetermined distance between them is by wearing a ribbon or ribbon and use a compass.
In methods I and II, at specified intervals squad stopped to glance around and call a survivor while waiting for possible answers.Examples of search and localized on the method of type II (see figure).
Description:
1. The team consists of 6 people examine both banks of the creek.
2. A & B, left and right ends of personnel installing marker (note the instructions field), and a string line / ribbon.
3. C is the officer compass / compass man who always check that the search in the direction of the compass.
4. X is the SRU head of pacing around the line, checking and alerting personnel to ensure the distance and also look at the situation around the field, whether there should be a change of direction or retrieval system.
5. Z is the navigator, compass man charged with helping to ensure that the search angle does not deviate.
If adequate means of communication, then ideally the X, A, and B each take HT.
3. Type III Search
Criterion is accuracy, the search with strict systematics of a smaller area using a sweeping method carefully. Named also close grids (grid search meetings / sweeping the meeting).
a. This method is used to:
ü The amount of the possibility of object found in the search area on the method of type II, is lower than what was expected
ü If the search area is limited and insufficient energy available
b. Objectives of this method is a careful search for a specific area
c. The technique used
Sweeping with a narrow range. The number of members of the team’s 3-9 people at a distance of about personnel between 3 to 5 meters. Ribbons or sring line widely used to control the mark a clear distinction between areas that have been searched and that have not. Examples of search and localized on the method of type III (see figure).
Ø The team, using a compass man to search and sweeping.
C = Compass man
1. The team consists of 6 people examine both banks of the creek.
2. A & B, left and right ends of personnel installing marker (note the instructions field), and a string line / ribbon.
3. C is the officer compass / compass man who always check that the search in the direction of the compass.
4. X is the SRU head of pacing around the line, checking and alerting personnel to ensure the distance and also look at the situation around the field, whether there should be a change of direction or retrieval system.
5. Z is the navigator, compass man charged with helping to ensure that the search angle does not deviate.
If adequate means of communication, then ideally the X, A, and B each take HT.
3. Type III Search
Criterion is accuracy, the search with strict systematics of a smaller area using a sweeping method carefully. Named also close grids (grid search meetings / sweeping the meeting).
a. This method is used to:
ü The amount of the possibility of object found in the search area on the method of type II, is lower than what was expected
ü If the search area is limited and insufficient energy available
b. Objectives of this method is a careful search for a specific area
c. The technique used
Sweeping with a narrow range. The number of members of the team’s 3-9 people at a distance of about personnel between 3 to 5 meters. Ribbons or sring line widely used to control the mark a clear distinction between areas that have been searched and that have not. Examples of search and localized on the method of type III (see figure).
Ø The team, using a compass man to search and sweeping.
C = Compass man
Ø Three teams use a compass as a control unit in a sweep.
C = Compass man
C = Compass man
Ø Three teams in the sweeping parallel using ribbon (Rafiah piece of rope / ribbon) as a control unit in sweeping. (See picture)
VI. Mental Attitude During Search
1. Quick response. The importance of rapid response to prevent:
a. Very rapid expansion of the potential search area
b. Increased difficulty with mobility-related searches and the reaction
2. In doing a search do not be too hasty, should be done with precision and keteletian. This is to avoid the possibility of survivors was not detected when done sweeping.
3. Search is an interesting thing. When we think of as a search of interesting things, then the result will be more effective.Earnestness, full attention and aggressive stance in monitoring is a valuable component to the job search.
4. The importance of looking for traces or goods scattered. The discovery of trace amounts and items scattered in the area, estimated to be more than survivors. The invention can also be a substantial income for narrowing the search area.
1. Quick response. The importance of rapid response to prevent:
a. Very rapid expansion of the potential search area
b. Increased difficulty with mobility-related searches and the reaction
2. In doing a search do not be too hasty, should be done with precision and keteletian. This is to avoid the possibility of survivors was not detected when done sweeping.
3. Search is an interesting thing. When we think of as a search of interesting things, then the result will be more effective.Earnestness, full attention and aggressive stance in monitoring is a valuable component to the job search.
4. The importance of looking for traces or goods scattered. The discovery of trace amounts and items scattered in the area, estimated to be more than survivors. The invention can also be a substantial income for narrowing the search area.
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
(DISASTER MANAGEMENT)
(DISASTER MANAGEMENT)
A. Understanding
a. Disasters (Disaster)
An event (either natural or unnatural) that cause physical damage on a large scale, both on the environment and infrastructure and threatening a lot of people within a community or location.
b. How disasters can happen?
a. Disasters (Disaster)
An event (either natural or unnatural) that cause physical damage on a large scale, both on the environment and infrastructure and threatening a lot of people within a community or location.
b. How disasters can happen?
§ Threats (Hazard)
Phenomena, hazards, or risks, both natural and unnatural that can (but not necessarily) lead to disaster. Examples: earthquakes, floods, landslides, droughts, plagues and so on.
§ Vulnerabilities (Vulnerability)
The situation within a community that makes them susceptible to the harmful effects of a threat. This type of vulnerability can be classified into physical vulnerability, social and psychological.
B. Disaster Management (Disaster Management)
The activities carried remedy the disaster and emergency control, while providing a framework to help people in a state of high risk in order to avoid or recover from the impact of a disaster.
Objectives:
1. Reduce or avoid losses physically, economically, and soul that experienced by the people, society and the State.
2. Reduce suffering
3. Accelerate recovery
4. Provide protection to refugees or displaced people when life is threatened.
Phenomena, hazards, or risks, both natural and unnatural that can (but not necessarily) lead to disaster. Examples: earthquakes, floods, landslides, droughts, plagues and so on.
§ Vulnerabilities (Vulnerability)
The situation within a community that makes them susceptible to the harmful effects of a threat. This type of vulnerability can be classified into physical vulnerability, social and psychological.
B. Disaster Management (Disaster Management)
The activities carried remedy the disaster and emergency control, while providing a framework to help people in a state of high risk in order to avoid or recover from the impact of a disaster.
Objectives:
1. Reduce or avoid losses physically, economically, and soul that experienced by the people, society and the State.
2. Reduce suffering
3. Accelerate recovery
4. Provide protection to refugees or displaced people when life is threatened.
Stages of Disaster
Disaster
Disaster
Prevention
Rehabilitation
Reconstruction
Description:
Emergency Management / Emergency Response (Emergency Response)
Efforts to save lives and protect property and deal with disruption, damage and other impacts of a disaster.
Emergencies:
Condition caused by an extraordinary event which is beyond the ability of communities to deal with the resources or capacity. In these conditions resulted in the inability to meet basic needs and they have plummeted to the quality of life, health or security threat directly against a lot of people in a community / location.
Recovery (Recovery)
A process through which that basic needs are met. Recovery process consists of:
Rehabilitation
Improvements required directly temporary or short-term
Reconstruction
Permanent repairs
Prevention (Prevention)
Untyuk efforts to eliminate or reduce the possibility of a threat, such as dams to prevent flooding. But we need to realize that prevention can not be completely effective against most threats.
Mitigation (Mitigation)
Efforts are made to reduce the harm of a threat. For example, the realignment of rural land that floods do not cause large losses.
Preparedness (Preparedness)
Preparation of a plan to act when it occurs (or is likely to happen) disaster. Planning consists of estimates of the needs in emergencies and identification of existing resources to meet those needs. Planning can reduce the adverse impact of a threat.
Some forms of preparedness:
§ Development of information networks and Early Warning System (Early Warning System / EWS)
§ Planning and preparation for evacuation stock of basic needs (food supplies, medicines, etc.)
§ Improvement of infrastructure that can be used in emergencies such as communication facilities, roads, vehicles, buildings as shelters etc..
§ Preparation of human resources, including people who are ready to become the coordinating committee in an emergency.
Emergency Management / Emergency Response (Emergency Response)
Efforts to save lives and protect property and deal with disruption, damage and other impacts of a disaster.
Emergencies:
Condition caused by an extraordinary event which is beyond the ability of communities to deal with the resources or capacity. In these conditions resulted in the inability to meet basic needs and they have plummeted to the quality of life, health or security threat directly against a lot of people in a community / location.
Recovery (Recovery)
A process through which that basic needs are met. Recovery process consists of:
Rehabilitation
Improvements required directly temporary or short-term
Reconstruction
Permanent repairs
Prevention (Prevention)
Untyuk efforts to eliminate or reduce the possibility of a threat, such as dams to prevent flooding. But we need to realize that prevention can not be completely effective against most threats.
Mitigation (Mitigation)
Efforts are made to reduce the harm of a threat. For example, the realignment of rural land that floods do not cause large losses.
Preparedness (Preparedness)
Preparation of a plan to act when it occurs (or is likely to happen) disaster. Planning consists of estimates of the needs in emergencies and identification of existing resources to meet those needs. Planning can reduce the adverse impact of a threat.
Some forms of preparedness:
§ Development of information networks and Early Warning System (Early Warning System / EWS)
§ Planning and preparation for evacuation stock of basic needs (food supplies, medicines, etc.)
§ Improvement of infrastructure that can be used in emergencies such as communication facilities, roads, vehicles, buildings as shelters etc..
§ Preparation of human resources, including people who are ready to become the coordinating committee in an emergency.
SUSTAINABLE GREETINGS!
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